{"id":11379,"date":"2018-11-23T10:19:11","date_gmt":"2018-11-23T04:34:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pahichan.com\/?p=11379"},"modified":"2018-11-23T10:19:11","modified_gmt":"2018-11-23T04:34:11","slug":"before-european-christians-forced-gender-roles-native-americans-acknowledged-5-genders","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/before-european-christians-forced-gender-roles-native-americans-acknowledged-5-genders\/","title":{"rendered":"Before European Christians Forced Gender Roles, Native Americans Acknowledged 5 Genders"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kathmandu (Pahichan) November 23 – It wasn\u2019t until Europeans took over North America that Natives adopted gender roles. There was no real \u201cnormal\u201d in their tribes. And unlike today, people who identified with the other gender were not viewed as some sort of abnormality, or as someone to be shunned or even accommodated.<\/p>\n

In fact, people who had both female and male characteristics were viewed as gifted by nature, and therefore, able to see both sides of everything. According to Indian Country Today, all native communities acknowledged the following gender roles: \u201cfemale, male, Two Spirit female, Two Spirit male and transgendered.\u201d<\/p>\n

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In Native American cultures, people were valued for their contributions to the tribe, rather than for masculinity or femininity. Parents did not assign gender roles to children either, and even children\u2019s clothing tended to be gender neutral. There were no ideas or ideals about how a person should live or love; it was simply a natural act that occurred without judgement or hesitation.<\/p>\n

Without a negative stigma attached to being Two Spirited, there were no inner-tribal incidents of retaliation or violence toward the chosen people simply due to the fact that individuals identified as the opposite or both genders.<\/p>\n

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\u201cEach tribe has their own specific term, but there was a need for a universal term that the general population [of English-speakers] could understand. The Navajo refer to Two Spirits as N\u00e1dleeh\u00ed (one who is transformed), among the Lakota is Winkt\u00e9 (indicative of a male who has a compulsion to behave as a female), Niizh Manidoowag (two spirit) in Ojibwe, Hemaneh (half man, half woman) in Cheyenne, to name a few.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs the purpose of \u201cTwo Spirit\u201d is to be used as a universal term in the English language, it is not always translatable with the same meaning in Native languages. For example, in the Iroquois Cherokee language, there is no way to translate the term, but the Cherokee do have gender variance terms for \u2018women who feel like men\u2019 and vice versa.\u201d<\/p>\n

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The \u201cTwo Spirit\u201d culture of Native Americans was one of the first things that Europeans worked to destroy and cover up. According to people like American artist George Catlin, the Two Spirit tradition had to be eradicated before it could go into history books. Catlin said the tradition \u201cmust be extinguished before it can be more fully recorded.\u201d<\/p>\n

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However, it wasn\u2019t only white Englishmen that tried to hide any trace of native genderqueerness. According to Indian Country Today, \u201cSpanish Catholic monks destroyed most of the Aztec codices to eradicate traditional Native beliefs and history, including those that told of the Two Spirit tradition.\u201d Throughout these efforts by Christians, Native Americans were forced to dress and act according to newly designated gender roles.<\/p>\n

One of the most celebrated Two Spirits in recorded history was a Lakota warrior aptly named Finds Them And Kills Them. Osh-Tisch was born a male and married a female, but adorned himself in women\u2019s clothing and lived daily life as a female. On June 17 1876, Finds Them And Kills Them gained his reputation when he rescued a fellow tribesman during the Battle of Rosebud Creek.<\/p>\n

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Osh-Tisch (Left) and his wife (Right)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cThe Two Spirit people in pre-contact Native America were highly revered and families that included them were considered lucky. Indians believed that a person who was able to see the world through the eyes of both genders at the same time was a gift from The Creator.\u201d<\/p>\n

Religious influences soon brought serious prejudice against gender diversity, and so this forced once openly alternative or androgynous people to one of two choices. They could either live in hiding, and in fear of being found out, or they could end their lives. Many of them did indeed end their lives.<\/p>\n

Source :\u00a0dailyplug<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kathmandu (Pahichan) November 23 – It wasn\u2019t until Europeans took over North America that Natives adopted gender roles. There was no real \u201cnormal\u201d in their tribes. And unlike today, people who identified with the other gender were not viewed as some sort of abnormality, or as someone to be shunned or even accommodated.
\nIn fact, people who had both female and male characteristics were viewed as gifted by nature, and therefore, able to see both sides of everything. According to Indian Country Today, all native communities acknowledged the following gender roles: …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":11380,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,621,490,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-current-issue","category-news","category-slider","category-world"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11379"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11381,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11379\/revisions\/11381"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pahichan.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}